HMS Hood，turn left 20°——杂谈丹麦海峡一役
修改于2020/06/20260 浏览史海钩沉
丹麦海峡79周年
一，霍兰中将的战术
胡德被俾斯麦号的炮弹击穿至沉没是一个历史事实，但霍兰中将所采用的战术却并不失合理之处。原因正在于以上阐述的这种战术情形。当时，俾斯麦号处于较好的射击位置上，英军若与之远程平行对射，一是火控吃亏，看不清暗处的对手，二是以胡德的火力与防护，肯定会处在极不利的位置上，即胡德的老15寸和威尔士亲王的14寸很可能无法在远程击穿俾斯麦号，而俾斯麦号的新15寸可以轻易击穿作为战列巡洋舰的胡德号。以实际战斗的情形看，霍兰中将的意图是，迅速逼近敌军，在能够相互穿透的距离上发挥英军火炮数量上的优势。这个选择从战术上看应该是合理且勇敢的。
于是霍兰开始了逼近俾斯麦号的机动。他选择大角度对敌冲向俾斯麦号。如果想到在上一段阐述的战术（即近距互穿拼投射量），这种选择恐怕有借助航线交角以防御来袭炮弹击穿其装甲带的意图。而在这个距离上，火炮对甲板的穿透能力也是极弱的。不幸的是，即便如此，胡德号还是被击穿了。胡德不具备新式战列舰的装甲盒结构，俾斯麦的主炮很可能从薄弱的上部装甲带穿入舰体。但如果具备装甲盒结构的战列舰位于胡德当时的位置，它可能不会在这一阶段被击穿，然后在拉近距离后转向，在相互都能击穿的近距离上与俾斯麦号拼命。霍兰中将的突击方法虽然遭致失败，但这已经是最能强化胡德号防御的战术选择，而若换成装甲盒战列舰，这一突击将是相当优秀的战术机动，使得本处于敌方击穿距离上的战舰弹开来袭的炮弹，在安全驶过敌方的优势距离后成功进入己方击穿距离，全面发扬己方火力。
由于航向的限制，后主炮无法如霍兰预期那样前向开火，因此胡德号挂出了“蓝2”的信号旗，即左转20°。然而没等这个动作完成，胡德就永远留在了北大西洋——此时，就算在海底，她的舵面仍保持着左偏，忠诚地将命令贯彻到了最后一刻。
二，丹麦海峡中PoW的炮术
第一场射击情况：典型的阶梯射抓距离，先射远再一点一点拉回，细节很丰富。还有海况、航行姿态对火控与火炮射击的影响等问题。一战的经验似乎是先射近更好，而PoW却先射远弹，花了6轮齐射才缩短到正确距离。不知是测距实在太无力还是策略选择如此。
Salvoes 1 and 2 were spread for line, salvo 1 falling right and salvo 2 in line over. Salvoes 3 and 4 were fired as a down ladder and fell over. Salvoes 5 and 6 were fired as a further down ladder; 5 fell over and 6 straddled. It had been decided after Prince of Wales' last firing to use a 200-yard as opposed to a 100-yard zigzag, as the spreads were in the nature of 350 yards. Accordingly salvoes 7 and 8 were fired as a 200-yard zigzag about salvo 6's range. Both 7 and 8 were observed as over and salvoes 9 and 10 were fired as a regaining down ladder. Salvo 9 was seen to straddle, 10 short, and salvoes 11 and 12 were fired as a 200-yard zigzag about salvo 9's range. Both of these were spotted as short, and salvoes 13 and 14 were fired as a regaining ladder up: 13 appeared to straddle, 14 went over, and a further zigzag was fired with salvoes 15 and 16 about salvo 13's range; both of these appeared as short and salvoes 17 and 18 were fired as an up regaining ladder. The fall of shot of these salvoes is not certain, but it is probably that they went short; evidence of the Rate Officer's observations and settings and the fall of shot points to the fact that the enemy started altering away gradually at about salvo 14. Line was held throughout.A large line spread appeared temporarily in salvoes 11 and 12 and one or two shots fell ahead during this time. Spreads for elevation are not known, but it is thought that salvoes 17 and 18 were ragged as the ship was under full wheel at the time; the ship was listing heavily and it is known that there was considerable movement on both elevation and training pointers.
图中是威尔士亲王号的航迹与射弹图
第二场远程射击，选择了以两组彼此相距的分射“括”住敌人、抓到距离的射击法。似乎恢复到了先射近弹的模式，但也只有指挥塔15尺测距仪可用，不知是有意选择还是只能如此：
24th May. - Fire was opened at Bismarck at 1846 at a range of 30,300 yards. The table was tuned to ranges obtained from the fore D.C.T. rangefinder and "fine inclination spotting rules" were adopted, each double salvo being spread one unit apart. Salvoes 1 and 2 both fell right; salvoes 3 and 4 were fired as a further line bracket and both fell in line and short. UP 800 was ordered and salvoes 5 and 6 were fired spread one unit apart. Both these appeared in line and over; the range was then 33,000 yards and check fire was ordered. Prince of Wales then turned towards and opened fire again at 1853.5, with salvoes 7 and 8 fired as a deflection double with the table re-tuned to the fire D.C.T. rangefinder. "Y" turret was not bearing after salvo 6. Again, both these appeared right, and salvoes 9 and 10 were fired as a further line bracket. Both appeared in line and short; UP 800 was ordered and salvoes 11 and 12 were fired spread one unit apart; 11 was observed right and 12 over. Fire was then ordered to be checked by C.S.1 as the enemy turned away and there was a danger of forcing him westward.
看起来还是有前途的。只是因为战术全局上的考量而中止了。距离越拉越大，凸显航速的战略意义。
（也不知道这网页版出啥毛病了，有些东西现在用不了，更新得鸽了）