历史上的迪克·特平简介

今天看英语文献，恰好看到了对于迪克·特平的简单介绍，特将原文和翻译分享与大家

The point is well illustrated by the career of that most famous highwayman of all, Dick Turpin.

Turpin was born in Essex, served out his apprenticeship as a butcher, married, and resettled in his native county. Unfortunately, he soon fell on hard times, and found himself 'reduced to the necessity of maintaining himself by indirect practices'. These consisted of a progress through the theft of sheep and cattle to association with smuggling gangs along the Essex coast, and thence to membership of a gang which carried out a number of burglaries and robberies in the area. Essex became too hot for Turpin, and he was forced to roam further abroad. While so doing he fell in with another highwayman, named King, with whom he carried out a number of successful crimes. That this liaison began when Turpin attempted to hold King up is indicative of the essentially loose organization which prevailed even among highwaymen. Eventually circumstances forced the team to split. Turpin decided to try his luck further north, and turned to stealing horses and trading them in Lincolnshire and the East Riding of Yorkshire. He fell foul of the authorities because of a minor breach of the peace, and while he was being held for investigation on that account suspicions of horse-theft were formed against him. He was held for trial, during which period evidence was adduced that he was the Essex robber Turpin. This clinched his fate, and he was eventually hanged at York in April 1739. His career is an instructive one. It illustrates the extreme geographical mobility of the professional criminal in this period, although his eventual fate also illustrates the mobility of information about criminals, even in a period when no central system of collecting such information existed. It also, moreover, illustrates the limitations of contemporary criminal professionalism and organization. Most of the criminal associations which Turpin was involved in were essentially short-term, while his career shows none of that specialization that is held to be one of the hallmarks of organized crime: after all, this most celebrated of English highwaymen went to the gallows on two charges of horse-theft.

翻译：这一点很好地体现在那个最有名的拦路强盗迪克·特平的职业生涯中。

特平出生在埃塞克斯郡，当过屠夫的学徒，结过婚，并在家乡安顿下来。不幸的是，他很快就陷入了困境，发现自己“沦落到必须通过其他的途径来养活自己”。这包括从偷盗羊和牛、到与埃塞克斯郡海岸的走私团伙有联系、再到加入一个在该地区进行过多次盗窃和抢劫的团伙。埃塞克斯郡变得太热了，不适合特平，他被迫在更远的国外漫游。在这个过程中，他又遇见一个拦路强盗，名叫金，他们一同作案，屡次得逞。这种联系始于特平试图拦住国王的时候，这表明即使在拦路强盗之间也普遍存在着一种基本上很松散的组织。形势迫使团队分裂。特平决定往北发展、转而偷马，并在林肯郡和约克郡的东边骑马场进行交易。他因破坏王之和平的轻微罪行而被当局逮捕，在他被拘留调查期间，有人怀疑他偷马。他被拘留受审，期间有证据表明他是埃塞克斯郡的抢劫犯特平。这决定了他的命运，他最终于1739年4月在约克郡被绞死。他的事业很有教育意义。它说明了这一时期职业罪犯在地理上的极端流动性，而他的最终命运也说明了即使在没有收集这种信息的中央系统的时期，罪犯信息也具有流动性。此外，这也说明了同时代犯罪专业化和组织化的局限性。特平所参与的大多数犯罪团伙基本上都是短期的，而他的职业生涯却没有显示出任何可以被认为是专业性的痕迹，而专业性被认为是有组织犯罪的特征之一：毕竟，这位英国最著名的拦路强盗是因盗窃马匹的两项指控而上了绞刑架。